Critique of Stanley Milgram’s “Behavioral Study of Obedience”

A Critique of Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience† Stanley MIlgram is a Yale University social psychologist who wrote â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience†, an article which granted him many awards and is now considered a landmark. In this piece, he evaluates the extent to which a participant is willing to conform to an authority figure who commands him to execute acts that conflict with his moral beliefs. Milgram discovers that the majority of participants do obey to authority. In this research, the subjects are misled because they are part of a learning experience that is not about what they are told. This experiment was appropriate despite this. Throughout the process, subjects are exposed to various signs that show them†¦show more content†¦Before Milgram’s findings, the fact that people were inclined to obey to authority figures was already realized. He just confirmed this belief. Milgram followed effective steps by using precise procedures. He made sure that the experiment reflected features of an ac tual situation in which a person would obey to an authority figure: offering compensation (monetary reward in this experiment), being under pressure (Prods 1 to 4 in this case), and mentioning that the person who obeys can withdraw. These features can also be seen in a situation where a soldier is commanded to fire, for instance. A soldier will get a monetary compensation, is under pressure to obey because he chose to be part of the military, and he knows that he can resign at any time. Milgram created an experiment so precise and detailed that more than enough evidence was demonstrated. In this experiment, subjects are explained that this is â€Å"a ‘learning experiment’ to ... study the effects of punishment on memory† (4). Yet, the real intention here is to measure the participants’ compliance towards the experimenter. This controversy is unethical as subjects are volunteering for a cause that does not exist. 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Conceptual Accounting Theories and Frameworks

Question: Discuss about the Conceptual Accounting Theories and Frameworks. Answer: Introduction Accounting theories are the collection of assumptions is methodologies that are used to study and application of various financial reporting principles. Accounting theories have a lot of importance in the process of analyze and evaluate various financial documents of an organization. Hence, the study of accounting theories is a crucial aspect. There are various aspects of the financial reports or annual reports of organizations like the application of accounting methods, remuneration report, auditors report, dividend report and many others. Without the knowledge of accounting, it is not possible to analyze the above-mentioned aspects. The purpose of the report is to analyze the various financial aspects of BHP Billiton. The BHP Billiton is one of the top producers of major commodities that includes copper, uranium, iron ore etc. The company also has substantial interest in coal, oil and gas energy. The main aim of the company is to make social and economic contribution through operat ion[1]. The various stages of the report shows the analysis of different financial aspect of the company like remuneration report, auditors report, executive remuneration and many others. Auditors report Analysis The individual auditors report is an important aspect to analyze the financial position of any company. There is no exception of this rule in case of BHP Billiton. The auditing partner of BHP Billiton for the year 2016 was KPMG. The KPMG has tested and examined various accounts of BHP Billiton. The accounts includes consolidated statement of financial position, consolidated statement of profit and loss, consolidated statement of other incomes, consolidated statement of cash flows, consolidated statement of change of equity and many others. The KPMG has also provided non-audit services the details are provided in the Note 35 of the annual report Auditors Remuneration of the company. The analysis of the annual report provides that all the non-audit services have prior approvals. The audited financial statement generally indicates that it has been prepared in accordance with the existing conceptual framework and the relevant accounting standards[2]. Meaning and scope of Conceptual framework The conceptual framework may be defined as established concepts that underline the financial reporting. The conceptual framework is consistent with the objective of the financial statement. The objective of financial reporting is to provide the user with financial information so that the user of the financial statement can make important financial decisions. The conceptual framework of IASB is incorporated in the Framework for preparation and presentation of financial statement issued by the AASB[3]. The purpose of the conceptual framework is: To assist in the development of accounting standards, To assist in harmonization of regulations, To prepare the financial statement, To provide assistance to the auditor, The Para 5 states the scope of the Framework. The Framework is developed to deals with: Objective of the financial statement; Qualitative characteristic of the statement; Measurement, definition and recognition of different elements of financial statement; Capital maintenance and the concept of capital; Therefore, in this report the framework is classified into three categories for discussing and critically analyzing the effectiveness with which the corporations have adopted this framework[4]. Basic Objective The foundation of the Framework is based on the objectives of the financial reporting. The objective of the General Purpose Financial Statement is to provide financial information so that the user can make informed decision[5]. The users of the financial statement include shareholders, lenders and creditors. The financial statement caters to the informational need of external users that cannot demand information from the company. Therefore, the financial report provided by the company becomes extremely. On analyzing the annual report of BHP Billiton, it can be seen that the report includes Income statement, balance sheet, cash flow and notes to account. Therefore, it can be said that the information provided in the annual report by the BHP Billiton satisfies the basic objective and purpose of conceptual framework[6]. Fundamental Concepts The next classification that is made of the conceptual framework is the fundamental concepts that are related to accounts. The fundamental concept is a bridge between the basic objective and the accounting treatment like recognition, measurement and preparation of financial statement. The fundamental concepts relate to the qualitative characteristic of the financial information[7]. In QC4, it is stated that in order to be useful the financial information should be faithful and relevant. The usefulness of the information provided by the financial statement increases if it is comparable, timely, understandable and verifiable. The relevance and faithfulness are the fundamental qualitative characteristic of the financial statement. The Audit report submitted by KPMG to SEC states that in their opinion it appears that the BHP Billiton has provided financial information in a faithful manner and the information provided are relevant to the users of the financial statement[8]. Therefore, it can be said that annual report provided by the company is in accordance with the fundamental qualitative characteristic of the conceptual framework. The characteristic like verifiability, comparability, timeliness and understandability increases the quality of the financial information. The verifiability of financial information is achieved if the independent methods obtain the same results. In this case, the auditors have independently verified the financial information and they have obtained the same result. Therefore, it can be said that the financial statement has satisfied the characteristics of verifiability. The comparability of financial statement is assured by the application of the accounting standards. In the notes to financial statement, section of the financial report it is stated that the accounting policies are applied consistently thereby ensuring comparability. The financial information is provided in a timely manner on 30 June every year. The understandability of the financial information is increased through detailed presentation of financial information in the notes to accounts[9]. Based on the analysis it can be said that the financial information are presented following the qualitative characteristics of conceptual framework. Basic elements of Financial report The conceptual framework issued by Australian Accounting Standard Board Framework for preparation and presentation of financial statement states in Para 49 that the elements that should be included financial positions are assets, liabilities and equities. On analyzing the Annual report of the BPH Billiton it can be seen that the elements that required by the framework has been followed. The conceptual framework states that assets are the resources that are controlled by the entity[10]. It is expected that the future economic benefit from this resources will flow to the entity. On analyzing, the balance sheet of the company it can be said that the items that are included in assets confirms with the definition of asset provided in conceptual framework. The conceptual framework defines liability as present obligation that arise from a past event and it result in outflow of economic resources. The items in the liability side of the balance sheet of the company fulfill the definition prov ided in the conceptual framework. The conceptual framework defines equity as residual interest in the assets after all the liabilities have been deducted. The equity recorded in balance sheet complies with the definition of conceptual framework. Income Statement Analysis The conceptual framework provides that profit is computed for analyzing the performance of the company. The profit is measured by deducting related expenses from income. Therefore, the company has prepared income statement for calculating the profits. The items that have been included in the revenue are in accordance with the conceptual framework. The conceptual framework states that an item that increases the economic benefit of the company should be included in the revenue[11]. The expenses are those items that decrease the economic resources of the company. The items that are included in the income statement as expenses satisfy the definition provided in the conceptual framework. The income statement of the company is given below: The third classification of the conceptual framework deals with the measurement, recognition and disclosure of the financial information[12]. This are discussed in details below. Recognition Recognition is a process of incorporating the financial items in the income statement and balance sheet as provided in Para 82 of the standard. The financial information are recognized in the financial statement based on five basic assumptions this are economic activity, going concern, monetary units, periodicity and accrual basis. This assumption requires that the entities that are engaged in economic activity are required to recognize those activity in the financial statement. The company is engaged in economic activity therefore the company has satisfied the basic assumption of economic activity. The gong concern assumptions states that the financial information should be recognized in a manner that it is assumed to continue. The financial informations should be measured in terms of monetary units in a periodic manner and by following the accrual basis of accounting. On analyzing, the financial statement of BHP Billiton it can be said that financial information has been recognized following the basic assumptions stated above. Measurement The measurement of financial items is discussed in Para 99 of the standard. The measurement is a process of determining the monetary amount at which the items of financial information are recorded in the financial statement. The measurements of items are done based on various bases that include historical cost, current cost, realizable value and present value. The basis of measurement of few items in the financial statement is discussed below. The inventories are measured at cost or net realizable valued whichever is lower. The debtors included are all current debtor. The company does not have any non-current debtors. The company in its financial report has followed the entire disclosure requirement. The company has followed the disclosure requirement mentioned in accounting standard. Managerial Remuneration and its relation The BHP Billiton has two types of remuneration policy one is for executive directors and other is for non-executive directors. The remuneration provided includes basic salary, pension and benefits. The salary is extending by 8% per annum and the pension is 25% of the salary. The general benefits that are given cannot be more than 10% of the base salary. In addition, other incentives are provided that includes target performance and threshold performance. The target performance can be 160% of the base salary and the threshold limit can be 80% of the base salary. Therefore it can be said that maximum award that manger can get is 240% of base salary. This high remuneration based on target will encourage short-term focus of the management and that is not beneficial to the company. The conceptual framework fails to deal in this matter in any substantial form. Conclusion Based on the above analysis it can be concluded that the conceptual framework play a vital role in the preparation and presentation of financial statement. However, it has failed to deal with the remuneration of the management that have far reaching effect in the financial statement of the company. Reference Casanueva, Cristobal, Angeles Gallego, and Maria Angeles Revilla. 'Access and Mobilization of Network Resources and Competitive Advantage in Hotels: A Conceptual Framework',International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,vol. 27/no. 6, (2015), pp. 1279-1300. Cherry, Michael. 'Accounting for Trust: A Conceptual Model for the Determinants of Trust in the Australian Public Accountant SME Client Relationship',Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal,vol. 10/no. 2, (2016), pp. 3-22. Craig, Russell, Wally Smieliauskas, and Joel Amernic. 'Assessing Conformity with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles using Expert Accounting Witness Evidence and the Conceptual Framework',Australian Accounting Review,vol. 24/no. 3, (2014), pp. 200-206. Espinoza, Manuel A., Andrea Manca, Karl Claxton, et al. 'The Value of Heterogeneity for Cost-Effectiveness Subgroup Analysis: Conceptual Framework and Application',Medical Decision Making,vol. 34/no. 8, (2014), pp. 951-964. Hrisch, Jacob, R. Edward Freeman, and Stefan Schaltegger. 'Applying Stakeholder Theory in Sustainability Management: Links, Similarities, Dissimilarities, and a Conceptual Framework',Organization Environment,vol. 27/no. 4, (2014), pp. 328-346. Kandjani, Hadi, Amir Mohtarami, Mohammad Reza Taghva, et al. 'Classification and Comparison of Strategic Information Systems Planning Methodologies: A Conceptual Framework',International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems (IJEIS),vol. 10/no. 1, (2014), pp. 1-10. Loftus, Janice, Ken Leo, Noel Boys, et al., 'Financial Reporting', Anonymous Translator(First edn, Milton, Qld, John Wiley and Sons Australia Ltd, 2015). Rao, Maheshwar, Robert Tanton, and Yogi Vidyattama. 'Modelling the Economic, Social and Ecological Links in the Murray-Darling Basin: A Conceptual Framework',Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, the,vol. 21/no. 1, (2015), pp. 80-102. Ryan, Christine, Janet Mack, Stuart Tooley, et al. 'Do Not-for-Profits Need their Own Conceptual Framework?: A NFP CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK?',Financial Accountability Management,vol. 30/no. 4, (2014), pp. 383-402. Tan, Seck. 'Framework for Valuing the Utilization of the Environment',International Journal of Social Economics,vol. 43/no. 6, (2016), pp. 619-642. Tello, Edward, James Hazelton, and Lorne Cummings. 'Potential Users Perceptions of General Purpose Water Accounting Reports',Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,vol. 29/no. 1, (2016), pp. 80-110. Thornton, Daniel B. 'Different Conceptual Accounting Frameworks for Public and Private Enterprises: Commentary on Canada's IFRS Transition and Suggestions for International Empirical Work',Accounting Perspectives,vol. 14/no. 3, (2015), pp. 168-189 Ulziit, Bayarbuyan, Zeeshan Akhtar Warraich, Cigdem Gencel, et al. 'A Conceptual Framework of Challenges and Solutions for Managing Global Software Maintenance',Journal of Software: Evolution and Process,vol. 27/no. 10, (2015), pp. 763-792. Wiedmann, Thomas O., Guangwu Chen, and John Barrett. 'The Concept of City Carbon Maps: A Case Study of Melbourne, Australia',Journal of Industrial Ecology,vol. 20/no. 4, (2016), pp. 676-691.

Realism And Theatre Essays - Drama, Films, 19th-century Theatre

Realism And Theatre Realism is the movement toward representing reality as it is, in art. Realistic drama is an attempt to portray life on stage, a movement away from the conventional melodramas and sentimental comedies of the 1700s. It is expressed in theatre through the use of symbolism, character development, stage setting and storyline and is exemplified in plays such as Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House and Anton Chekhov's The Three Sisters. The arrival of realism was indeed good for theatre as it promoted greater audience involvement and raised awareness of contemporary social and moral issues. It also provided and continues to provide a medium through which playwrights can express their views about societal values, attitudes and morals. A Doll's House is the tragedy of a Norwegian housewife who is compelled to challenge law, society and her husband's value system. It can be clearly recognized as a realistic problem drama, for it is a case where the individual is in opposition to a hostile society. Ibsen's sympathy with the feminine cause has been praised and criticized; as he requires the audience to judge the words and actions of the characters in order to reassess the values of society. The characters in A Doll's House are quite complex and contradictory, no longer stereotypes. In Act II, Nora expresses her repulsion about a fancy dress worn to please Torvald (her husband): "I wish I'd torn it to pieces"; she attempts to restore it and resign herself to her situation right after: "I'll ask Mrs Linde to help". In Act III, Torvald ignores his wife's plea for forgiveness in order to make a moral judgement: "You've killed my happiness.You've destroyed my future". "I can never trust you again." Later on in the same act, he contradicts himself: "I'll change. I can change-"; much after Nora confronts him: "Sit here, Torvald. We have to come to terms". "...There's a lot to say". Here, Ibsen shows us he has worked in depth with the psychology of the characters, giving them a sense of complexity and realism. Playgoers therefore recognize the revelation of characters through memory. Thus drama became an experience closely impinging on the conscience of the audience. Ibsen was also unique for his use of symbolism to assist realism on stage. Symbolic significance is presented through the detail of design, props and actions of the characters. For example, in Act III, Nora goes offstage to get changed; "I'm changing. No more fancy dress". It is a symbolic representation of her personal change, one where she has come to the realization that she has been living the life of a doll, confined to the roles of a "featherbrain", "plaything", "dove", "skylark" and "songbird". Thus, symbolism enhanced realism, and its effect can be seen as positive in the sense that it stirred conscious awareness of values. The stage settings of A Doll's House are an integral part of the theatrical design, and not mere d?cor to be overlooked. The setting in Act II; "...the Christmas tree stands stripped of its decorations and with its candles burnt to stumps" is symbolic of the lack of happiness in Nora's life at that moment. Also the change of setting in Act III; "The tables and chairs have been moved centre" foreshadows a character change that will take place in Nora. The many references to doors also have significance beyond the stage directions. The play begins with the opening of the door and finishes with the "slamming" of the door. Nora enters the doll's house with the values of society and departs from it, symbolizing her rejection of them. All these intricacies of play settings and characters depict realism on stage. Ultimately, it has been good for theatre because it presents the playwright's ideas in interesting and original ways. Realism, as expressed through symbolism, also draws the attention of the audience, thus stimulating moral thought, and stirring reaction. Realism is also defined as art-imitating life (source). This is a fitting account of Anton Chekhov's plays, for they tend to show the stagnant, helpless quality of Russian society in the late C19th. Quite evident in The Three Sisters, when Tuzenbakh illustrates realism; "The suffering we see around us these days - and there's plenty of it - is at least a sign that society has reached a certain moral level." Hence, while the portrayal of life here seemed 'gloomy and pessimestic', it was still good for theatre in that it presented issues which audiences could identify with. It was also more intellectual theatre when the playwright could express their views, compared with the conventional

Free Enterprise and Fascism essays

Free Enterprise and Fascism essays Free enterprise and individualist democracy is a good political system. Probably the best system mankind could come up with so far. Countries, whose governments belong to free enterprise, have the world's leading economic structures and are the wealthiest. Now historical analysis shows, that nations tend to switch between types of governments. Even in the US, there's an infinitive struggle for power between democrats and republicans. The first step of a government's shift towards socialism is taking all means of production away from general ownership by people in its own hands, either by direct use of force or by assigning of labor unions to itself. In a situation where all means of production in the country are controlled by its government, there will already be a hint of tension inside the governing institution as to who has more power and who will control more important aspects. Mass man, as a model, or even a starting line, will, of course, affect the individuals fighting for power and people who have more than others will want to have more, which will eventually bring to very few individuals controlling almost everything. Now obviously, the last line brings to mind the definition of fascism, which would be the outcome. Another point that could be brought is that no matter how good the system is, people who live under will never like 100% of it. Something will always be wrong, and if officials fix what's wrong, people will find something else because there are just too many people who have nothing better to do than check government's work over and over and over again. This can lead to a situation when someone with an exceptional orator's abilities and lots of guts will literally get up on the tribune and publically promise better times. The world has seen those "someones" in figures of Joe Stalin, Bennitto Mussolini, Adolf Hitler and others. Fascism oligarchy comes around when police and military forces are unable to keep ...

Philosophy and Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Philosophy and Technology - Essay Example Given any circumstance he would avoid confrontation and any kind of collision with an opposing party. War or aggression is the last thing on the mind of a pacifist. The author through the above statement is trying to convey that if a person who possesses the characteristics of a pacifist is made to work in a bomb factory he would still come up with a new idea to make a bomb. No matter how opposed a person might be towards the concept of waging a war, if the mind is put to work on a task that needs to be done, the task takes precedence against the principles. The chief duty is to design a bomb, and no matter how opposed the principles of the person concerned are, he would eventually end up innovating and creating a new type of bomb. According to the author technology has shaped the human mind and has been much of a latent threat to the very existence of mankind as much as it has been a boon. The author through his interpretation of the human psychology and the constant struggle betwee n the opposing forces of principle/conscience and duty has tried to convey that the human mind and its intrinsic qualities are overpowered by practicality and the reality of life. In this case the reality is the surrounding, the environment, and the opportunity to design a new type of a bomb. Human beings are thinkers, innovators and are prone to ideate. A constant undercurrent of the urge to experiment and innovate prevails on the human mind. The human psyche by nature is inclined to improvise and invent things from what it sees around it and in this example provided by the writer, he may go against his pacifism to design a new bomb within weeks. Even if this means going against his very fundamentals he would still be drawn to live a life of intellectual prosperity and independence. We live in an age where man’s lust for power and technological superiority overshadows basic principles of humanity and life. Man’s greed for machines and mechanisation is to such an exten t that he would let the machines take over and in turn be reduces to a defunct and cold vestige of sorts. In our age mechanisation and scientific leapfrogging has finally triumphed to an extent that we can actually feel the tendency of the machine to make physically and intellectually challenging human life impossible. (Orwell 193) Building and developing on the central theme of intellectual proliferation, am individual if confined to a secluded environment with a nature work that is opposed to him, he would eventually begin to put his mind over the job and end up doing the task. All the steam in the world could not, like the virgin build Chartres The second phrase is by Mont Saint Michel and Chartres. It exalts the triumph of technology and its ushering through the Industrial Revolution in the Western World. The power of the mother is represented through the phrase given above. It talks about the benefit of technology to the western world and the power of the Lady who ultimately se cures â€Å"†¦the place of woman in the Church to be the guardian of the primacy of the contemplative over the active, of persons over ideas, and of family over economy† (Mary Victrix 1) According to the author the power of technology is immense. Technology is compared to the power of the Lady, Virgin Mary. It was her power, influence and inspiration that led to the construction of the cathedral in Chartres, France. Mary Victrix 1). Technology is viewed

Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Risk - Essay Example The action taken dispels negativity, creating enhanced cohesion and saving the group. Goleman & Boyatzis (2013) contribute that a self-managed team is a team that learns and manages itself through collective responsibility in managing the group. Every member of the group raises questions about the methods and procedures adopted to steer the group to a common preconceived direction. Members share the vision and take charge of all activities including reprimanding other members to stick to the group norms in case of deviation. In self-managed groups, new ideas are protected by members and negative criticisms avoided encouraging the innovativeness, continuous creativity and happiness among all members. In such a team, there is enhanced creativity and continual reinforcement of resonance. Empathetic team is one, which all the group associates are cognizant of the other team affiliate’s emotions. Members of the team put themselves in the shoes of their fellow team mates and thinking beyond own concerns. Selfishness is not experienced at all in such teams because members think in favor of one another and concentrate on building relationships through socializing with teammates. Members work hand in hand and involve extensive consultation in all undertakings with no limits irrespective of social or educational levels held. According to Perkins (2000), it is appropriate to take risks after analysis of the specifics of the prospective risk. Analysis of the risk helps in the creation of awareness and putting a fallback strategy in place in case the risk actualizes. When the risk involved is a long-term possibility with the effects not likely to cause huge losses, it is worth taking the risk. After reviewing the worst-case scenario collectively and assessment is made to conclude that the risk makes sense. Contrarily if it does not make

Success or Failure in the Organizational Change Process Essay Example for Free

Success or Failure in the Organizational Change Process Essay With the current state of the economy today many organizations are faced with the task of implementing organizational change. The change that needs to occur can be either very successful or a complete failure if attention to the details of the change is not explored. The Concord Bookstore is an independent store that faced these challenges during a time of urgency for businesses to restructure in order to achieve a successful strategic renewal. When reflecting on the varying approaches an organization can take in order to form a strategic renewal, there were a few critical steps that the Concord Bookstore ignored. These important steps may have been what contributed to the failure of their organizational change. The Concord Bookstore is one small business that is facing economic hardship similar to what many other organizations of all shapes and sizes are. The need for restructuring was self-evident, but the manner in which the restructuring occurred led to employee and customer resistance alike. The first example I would like to address involves the history of the business as an independently owned entity that survived for 64 years. Upon tallying the staff’s time with the company collectively it outdid the existence of the company itself averaging 73 years of experience. This detail leads one to believe that it is this experience which has made the business so successful in the community for so long. When the owner of the company announced the need for organizational change, Spector (2010) noted this change as a â€Å"precipitating event [that] was a surprise announcement last month†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p. ) This description alone illustrates a disjointed business in which decisions were made from the upper level corporate management straight to the community with no intermediate involvement from the managers and the employees of the business. When they chose to take this approach, it led to much resistance from the employees since it did not take into account any of their personal attributes as being integral parts of the businesses past successes. Although one can agree based on the current economy alone, that small business does have major challenges they need to face in order to stay profitable and successful, it is imperative to have employee support in order to achieve these objectives. During a time of strategic renewal it is important to note that an organizational change is necessary. The Concord Bookstore should have evaluated the behaviors of the employees in order to reflect a more supportive stance in order to gain acceptance of the organizational change. According to Burrows, as cited by Spector (2010) â€Å"In the corporate world, customers expect to be treated as long-term partners, actually having a say in the development of new products† (p. 5 ). This theory tends to illustrate the dissatisfaction of the customers of the Concord Bookstore that also took the announcement of the organizational change as a negative attribute. These concerns stated by both employee and customers alike are what led to the failure of the organizational change. For a successful strategic renewal to take place a business/organization should really first aim to work towards behavioral change. This can be done in a variety of ways. The first initiative that the Concord Bookstore should have taken was to work on the â€Å"motivation† of the employees. As referenced by Spector (2010), Denison noted that the advantage to behavioral change relies on â€Å"the manner in which work is organized, information is shared, decisions are made, coordination occurs, and problems are solved are [all] performance differentiators† (p 7). If these attributes are defined and utilized during the organizational change process then the advantages can sustain for the long-term. Many customers noted that the admirable qualities of the Concord Bookstore were the knowledgeable staff and their eagerness and joy to meet the consumer demands. By the corporate level management deciding how the business would be restructured with no employee or customer input, it is easily understood why there was so much resistance to the organizational change. With the â€Å"participation† of the employees and customers alike, an organizational change leading to a strategic renewal may have been more successful. The willingness to let the employees and customers alike â€Å"participate† demonstrates a value for the employees and the customers that an organization does business with. Spector (2010) noted that â€Å"participation in the process of defining problems and designing solutions will help build commitment to the new directions that result from that process† (p. 12). When one lets â€Å"participation† occur naturally, it leads to a sense of self-worth, allows the employees to feel apart of the restructuring, gives the employees a chance to be a part of finding solutions and supporting the process with more commitment and motivation. When the Concord Bookstore made their initial announcement none of these strategies took place. When there is a need for and organizational change it is hard to leave the status quo. It is even harder to leave something so familiar if not allowed to feel a valued asset of what had once in the past contributed so much to the success of a business. Had the Concord Bookstore allowed the employees to play a more active role in the organizational restructuring of the business, there may have been a much different outcome. In the end, the Concord Bookstore ended up defending its initiatives for organizational change but never had the support of the people it needed the most; its employees and customers. This case demonstrates a great example to the fact that every organizational change needs to also deal the behavioral change of the business in order to avoid any type of resistance and further meet long-term success and vitality.